The Penguin Concise Guide to Opera Paperback - 2006

Glossary of Terms

Aria - Italian for "air", and the standard term for a distinct solo song in an opera.

Entr'acte - a musical interlude between acts of a play or opera; a distinct musical work intended for performance in this way.

Falsetto - A method of singing which enables a male singer to reach notes above his usual range.

Grand Opera - the large-scale operatic genre of the early 19th century particularly in France, in which epic historical subjects were staged with enormous forces and great spectacle.

Intermezzo - A musical (usually orchestral) interlude between operatic scenes.

Libretto - the printed or manuscript literary text of an operatic work.

Prima Donna - the principal female singer in an operatic cast.

Vibrato - the rapid fluctuation of pitch (and sometimes loudness) that gives the voice and certain instruments their main expressive quality.

Opera's Bigwigs

Mozart

Mozart Mozart is the most famous of al infant prodigies, the little boy who charmed kings and princes as his music continues to charm us today. After three operas composed by the time he was 12, Mozart had the extraordinary honour of being commissioned to compose the opera seria Mitridate for the royal ducal theatre of Milan in 1770 when he was 14, with two more operas for 1771 and 1772. His own personality gradually gained the upper hand over the Italian models he has assimilated.

Puccini

Puccini Puccini is generally regarded as the greatest Italian composer of the post-Verdi generation. All but the first two of his operas remain a firm part of the operatic repertoire, and several (La boheme, Madam Butterfly) are among the most popular ever written. During a period in which the Italian operatic tradition was finally coming to an end, he alone among his contemporaries managed to renew himself creatively, to fashion a convincing series of works, repeatedly forging a successful compromise between his native inheritance and the French and German influences that increasingly gained sway in his country.

Verdi

Verdi Giuseppe Verdi is one of a tiny group of composers who set the supreme standards by which the art of opera is judged; of his 28 operas—several of which exist in more than one version—about a dozen from the backbone of the standard operatic repertoire. He was the dominant figure in Italian opera for 50 years, and was largely responsible for a radical transformation of its character.

Wagner

Wagner Wagner is a major figure in the history of opera and one of the most controversial (and written about) figures of the 19th century. No detail of Wagner's life was too sordid to be aired in public in the 19th century (his liking for silk underwear and supposedly homosexual relations with his patron Ludwig II of Bavaria were two favorites). Yet this lurid fascination would have been unthinkable without the two things that will always be most important about him: the power of his music and the ambitious artistic claim he made for opera.